Macroevolution is integral to understanding the patterns of the diversification of life. As the life sciences increasingly use big data approaches, large multivariate datasets are required to test fundamental macroevolutionary hypotheses. In vertebrate evolution, large datasets have been created to quantify morphological variation, largely focusing on particular areas of the skeleton. We provide a landmarking protocol to quantify morphological variation in skeletal elements across the head, trunk, hindlimb and forelimb using 3-dimensional landmarks and semilandmarks, and present a large pan-skeletal database of bird morphology for 149 taxa across avian phylogeny using CT scan data. This large collection of 3D models and geometric morphometric data is open access and can be used in the future for new research, teaching and outreach. The 3D models and CT scans of the 149 specimens related to this project can be downloaded at MorphoSource (https://www.morphosource.org/projects/00000C420) 

Menura novaehollandiae FMNH 336751 View specimen

	M3#561 3D model of the left carpometacarpus of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandia (displayed as a mirror image in the 3DHOP viewer). Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.561   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#562 3D model of the mandible of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.562   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#563 3D model of the right coracoid of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.563   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#564 3D model of the right scapula of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.564   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#565 3D model of the right tarsometatarsus of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.565   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#566 3D model of the sternum of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.566   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#567 3D model of the left femur of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae (displayed as a mirror image in the 3DHOP viewer). Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.567   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#568 3D model of the skull of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.568   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#569 3D model of the left humerus of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae (displayed as a mirror image in the 3DHOP viewer). Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.569   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#570 3D model of the synsacrum of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.570   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#571 3D model of the left radius of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae (displayed as a mirror image in the 3DHOP viewer). Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.571   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#572 3D model of the left tibiotarsus of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae (displayed as a mirror image in the 3DHOP viewer). Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.572   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#573 3D model of the left ulna of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae (displayed as a mirror image in the 3DHOP viewer). Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.573   state:published	Download 3D surface file

The present 3D dataset contains the 3D models analyzed in Xing et al. (in press), Newly discovered Cretaceous dinosaur track sites from the Jiaguan Formation, Sichuan Province, China: ichnotaxonomy and preservation. The dataset includes photogrammetric 3D models of the specimens shown in Figures 6–9 and 16–17 of the original article. These correspond to track-bearing slabs and selected footprints from the Hongyangoukou and Jinyuxi tracksites and the Shimiaogou 2025 tracksite in the Gulin area, Sichuan Province, China. The Hongyangoukou material comprises three reddish-brown siltstone slabs preserving at least 61 theropod tracks, including nine trackways (HYGK-T1 to HYGK-T9) and isolated footprints (HYGK-TI1 onward). The Jinyuxi material comprises one isolated theropod natural cast (JYX-TI5) assigned to cf. Eubrontes, associated with microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS). The Shimiaogou 2025 material comprises two slabs preserving at least 25 dinosaur footprints, including ornithopod trackways SMG25-O1 and SMG25-O2, theropod trackway SMG25-T1, and isolated footprints; all occur as natural positive reliefs. The 3D surface models are provided in PLY format. 

Eubrontes isp. HYGK Slab 1 View specimen

M3#1982 All footprints in Fig. 6 are tridactyl theropod footprints assigned to Morphotype I and tentatively identified as Eubrontes-like. Fig. 6 (Hongyangoukou Slab 1) preserves at least 31 footprints, comprising seven trackways (HYGK-T1–T7) and 15 isolated footprints (HYGK-TI1–TI15). They are preserved as natural molds in reddish-brown siltstone and are heavily weathered, but they generally retain distinct tridactyl outlines and U- or V-shaped metatarsophalangeal regions. Claw impressions are present in some specimens (e.g., T3, T7-L1, and TI9), whereas digital pad impressions are absent. Footprint length ranges from 10.8 to 20.9 cm (mean ≈16.0 cm); the length-to-width ratio ranges from 1.1 to 1.7 (mean ≈1.4); mesaxony is weak (mean ≈0.47); and the divarication angle between digits II and IV ranges from 41° to 73° (mean ≈60°). The stride lengths of T1, T3, T4, and T6 are 144.5, 104.8, 122.3, and 64.5 cm, respectively, corresponding to 9.7, 5.6, 9.4, and 3.3 times their respective mean footprint lengths. T1 and T5 show outward rotations of about 4° and 9°, respectively. T3 is among the best-preserved examples, with digit III the longest and stoutest, digit IV the shortest, and clear claw impressions present on digits II and III, whereas TI10 is a complete tridactyl track. These footprints are therefore small theropod tracks of Morphotype I, tentatively assigned to Eubrontes-like. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1982   state:in_press

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Eubrontes isp. HYGK Slab 2 View specimen

M3#1983 All footprints in Fig. 7 (Hongyangoukou Slab 2) are tridactyl theropod footprints assigned to Morphotype II and tentatively identified as Eubrontes-like. Slab 2 preserves at least 28 footprints, including two trackways (HYGK-T8 and HYGK-T9) and 18 isolated footprints (HYGK-TI16–TI33). Preservation is poorer than on Slab 1: impressions are shallower and more rounded overall; in T9 and in some isolated footprints (e.g., TI17, TI18, TI20, TI23, TI24, and TI26), discrete digit impressions are not recognizable and instead appear as oval depressions, whereas the remaining footprints show three discernible digit impressions. No digital pad impressions were observed; the metatarsophalangeal region is U-shaped, and relatively clear claw impressions are preserved in some tracks, such as T8-R1, TI18, and TI31. Footprint length ranges from 11.2 to 21.6 cm (mean 15.1 cm); the length-to-width ratio ranges from 0.9 to 1.7 (mean 1.4); mesaxony is weak (mean 0.45); and the divarication angle between digits II and IV ranges from 46° to 62° (mean 54°). The stride lengths of T8 and T9 are 60 cm and 116 cm, corresponding to approximately 4 and 7.7 times the average footprint length, respectively; the pace angulation of T9 is 166°. TI31 is relatively well preserved and markedly symmetrical, with digit III being the stoutest and longest, and with a distinct, sharp claw impression. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1983   state:in_press

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Eubrontes isp. HYGK Slab 3 View specimen

M3#1984 All footprints in Fig. 8 (Hongyangoukou Slab 3) are tridactyl theropod footprints assigned to Morphotype I and tentatively identified as Eubrontes-like. Slab 3 preserves at least seven isolated footprints (HYGK-TI34–TI40) and no trackways; these footprints have relatively distinct tridactyl outlines and U- or V-shaped metatarsophalangeal regions, with some specimens (e.g., TI37 and TI38) preserving claw impressions but lacking digital pad impressions. The divarication angle between digits II and IV on Slab 3 ranges from 53° to 57° (mean 56°). As members of Morphotype I, they fall within the morphotype ranges for footprint length (10.8–20.9 cm; mean 16.0 cm), length-to-width ratio (1.1–1.7; mean 1.4), and mesaxony (weak; mean 0.47). Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1984   state:in_press

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Eubrontes isp. JYX-TI5 View specimen

M3#1985 JYX-TI5 is tentatively assigned to cf. Eubrontes. It is preserved as a natural cast on dark red quartz sandstone, with a preservation grade of 0.5–1.5. It shows largely complete digit impressions and a metatarsophalangeal region, as well as some claw impressions, but no digital pad impressions. The footprint has three distinct digit impressions, a relatively distinct U-shaped metatarsophalangeal region, a separation between the proximal region of digit III and the metatarsophalangeal region, and relatively clear claw impressions; its surface bears irregular linear ridges that likely represent microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS). JYX-TI5 is 22.1 cm long, with a length-to-width ratio of 1.5, weak mesaxony (0.45), and a divarication angle between digits II and IV of 50°; the interdigital angle between digits II and III is slightly larger than that between digits III and IV. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1985   state:in_press

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Grallator isp. SMG25 Slab 1 View specimen

M3#1986 Fig. 16 includes ornithopod footprints assigned to Caririchnium isp. and theropod footprints tentatively assigned to cf. Grallator. The ornithopod tracks are natural casts, clearest on Slab 1, and show a distinct quadripartite structure. Preservation grade is 1–2; footprint length is 23.5–31.2 cm (mean 27.3 cm), and length-to-width ratio is 1.2–1.5 (mean 1.4). They are highly symmetrical, with three clear rounded digit impressions and a sub-circular metatarsophalangeal region separated by a depression; claw impressions are absent, mesaxony is weak (0.24–0.38; mean 0.30), and the mean divarication angle between digits II and IV is 49°. The potential trackway SMG25-O2 has a pace length about 2.7 times the footprint length, a pace angulation of 111°, and inward rotation of about 15°. The theropod tracks are mostly isolated, with only one potential trackway, SMG25-T1, on Slab 1. Preservation grade is 1–2; footprints are small (8.5–20.4 cm) and generally slender, mostly complete tridactyl impressions with digit III longest and digit II shortest, V-shaped metatarsophalangeal regions, and faint claw impressions or digital pads in some tracks. SMG25-T1 comprises two footprints (mean length 19.9 cm, length-to-width ratio 1.9, mesaxony 0.54, mean divarication angle between digits II and IV 41°). Isolated footprint TI9 is the best preserved (length 9.8 cm, length-to-width ratio 2.1, mesaxony 0.72, divarication angle between digits II and IV 38°), with the metatarsophalangeal pad of digit IV aligned along the axis of digit III. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1986   state:in_press

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Grallator isp. SMG25 Slab 2 View specimen

M3#1987 cf. Grallator is the dominant ichnotaxon in Fig. 17, which preserves 12 isolated cf. Grallator footprints, all preserved as natural positive reliefs with preservation grade 1–2. These small theropod tracks are 8.5–20.4 cm long and generally slender, and are mostly complete tridactyl impressions with digit III longest and digit II shortest, V-shaped metatarsophalangeal regions, and faint claw impressions or digital pads in some specimens. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1987   state:in_press

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models analyzed in the publication: Head anatomy and phylogenomics show the Carboniferous giant Arthropleura was a relative to both millipedes and centipedes. Lhéritier Mickaël, Edgecombe Gregory D., Garwodd Russell J., Buisson Adrien, Gerbe Alexis, Mongiardino Koch Nicolás, Vannier Jean, Escarguel Gilles, Adrien Jérome, Fernandez Vincent, Bergeret-Medina Aude, Giupponi Alexandra and Perrier Vincent. Sciences Advances. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adp6362
  

Arthropleura sp. MNHN.F.SOT002123 View specimen

	M3#1481 Reconstitution of MNH.F.SOT002123 made from Phoenix X-ray Phoenix V|tome|x CT-scan Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1481   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1482 Ct-scan (X-ray Phoenix V|tome|x) of MNHN.F.SOT002123 Type: "3D_CT" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1482   state:published	Download CT data
	M3#1484 Reconstitution of MNH.F.SOT002123 made from synchrotron X-ray micro-Computed tomography Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1484   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1485 Synchrotron data of MNHN.F.SOT002123 (bin4) Type: "3D_CT" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1485   state:published	Download CT data

Arthropleura sp. MNHN.F.SOT002118 View specimen

	M3#1480 Reconstitution of MNH.F.SOT002118 made from Phoenix X-ray Phoenix V|tome|x CT-scan Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1480   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1483 Ct-scan (X-ray Phoenix V|tome|x) of MNHN.F.SOT002118 Type: "3D_CT" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1483   state:published	Download CT data

Arthropleura sp. MNHN.F.SOT002123 (synchrotron data) View specimen

The democratization of 3D techniques in recent years provides exciting new opportunities for the study of complex fossils. In the present contribution, we provide a virtual reconstruction of a partial, disarticulated metriorhynchid (Metriorhynchidae, Thalattosuchia, Crocodylomorpha) skull from the Late Jurassic of northwestern Switzerland. This virtual reconstruction was used to produce high quality scientific illustrations of the whole skull for descriptive purposes. The reconstructed skull also served for the estimation of the total body length of the specimen and to propose a life reconstruction of the animal in its paleoenvironment. In an effort for transparency, we review the sources that were consulted for the life reconstruction and explain the choices that we had to make. 

Torvoneustes jurensis BSY008-465 View specimen

	M3#1037 Left dentary (3 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1037   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1038 Right dentary (3 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1038   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1039 Left ramus (2 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1039   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1040 Right ramus (3 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1040   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1041 Left splenial (2 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1041   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1042 Right splenial (2 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1042   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1043 Frontal and left prefrontal Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1043   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1044 Left maxilla (4 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1044   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1045 Right maxilla Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1045   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1046 Left nasal Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1046   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1047 Right nasal Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1047   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1048 Parietal Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1048   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1049 Right postorbital Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1049   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1050 Right prefrontal Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1050   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1051 Right premaxilla Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1051   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1052 Left squamosal Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1052   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1053 Right squamosal Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1053   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1054 Reconstruction of the mandible Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1054   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1055 Reconstruction of the cranium Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1055   state:published	Download 3D surface file

This contribution contains the 3D model of an endocranial cast analyzed in “A 10 ka intentionally deformed human skull from Northeast Asia”. There are many studies on the morphological characteristics of intentional cranial deformation (ICD), but few related 3D models were published. Here, we present the surface model of an intentionally deformed 10 ka human cranium for further research on ICD practice. The 3D model of the endocranial cast of this ICD cranium was discovered near Harbin City, Province Heilongjiang, Northeast China. The fossil preserved only the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones. To complete the endocast model of the specimen, we printed a 3D model and used modeling clay to reconstruct the missing part based on the general form of the modern human endocast morphology.
  

Homo sapiens IVPP-PA1616 View specimen

	M3#972 The frontal region of the endocast is flattened, probably formed by the constant pressure on the frontal bone during growth. There is a well-developed frontal crest on the endocranial surface. The endocast widens posteriorly from the frontal lobe. The widest point of the endocast is at the lateral border of the parietal lobe. The lower parietal areas display a marked lateral expansion. The overall shape of the endocast is asymmetrical, with the left side of the parietal lobe being more laterally expanded than the right side. Like the frontal lobe, the occipital lobe is also anteroposteriorly flattened. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.972   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#976 The original endocranial cast model (with texture) of IVPP-PA1616. It shows the original structures of the specimen, and was not altered in any way. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.976   state:published	Download 3D surface file

The present 3D dataset contains 3D models of new material from the middle Eocene of the Upper Subathu Formation in the Kalakot area (India), documenting the anterior dentition of the raoellid Indohyus indirae. Raoellidae are closely related to stem cetaceans and bring crucial information to understand the earliest phase of land to water transition in Cetacea. 

Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/31 View specimen

M3#1505 Right i1 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1505   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/32 View specimen

M3#1506 Right i1 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1506   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/16 View specimen

M3#1507 Left I3 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1507   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/23 View specimen

M3#1508 Left I2 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1508   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/25 View specimen

M3#1509 Left I1 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1509   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/26 View specimen

M3#1510 Right I3 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1510   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/57 View specimen

M3#1511 Left I1 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1511   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/61 View specimen

M3#1512 Right upper canine Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1512   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/63 View specimen

M3#1513 Left upper canine Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1513   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/74 View specimen

M3#1514 Left upper canine Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1514   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/439 View specimen

M3#1515 Left upper canine Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1515   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/457 View specimen

M3#1516 Left upper canine Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1516   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/846 View specimen

M3#1517 Left upper canine Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1517   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/822 View specimen

M3#1518 Right fragmentary maxillary with decidual canine and I3 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1518   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/824 View specimen

M3#1519 Right fragmentary mandible with lower canine and small part of the i3 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1519   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/838 View specimen

M3#1520 Right fragmentary mandible with permanent i2, i3 and canine and small part of the root of the decidual i3 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1520   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/842 View specimen

M3#1521 Left fragmentary mandible with decidual and permanent canine Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1521   state:published

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Indohyus indirae GU/RJ/26,32,56,57,457,822,838,842 : Composite Anterior dentition View specimen

M3#1529 3D composite reconstruction of the anterior dentition of Indohyus indirae with GU/RJ/57 (I1), 56 (I2), 26 (I3), 457 (Upper canine), 822 (P1), 32 (i1), 838 (i2, i3 and lower canine) and 842 (p1) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1529   state:published

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Speothos pacivorus is an extinct South American canid (Canidae: Cerdocyonina) from the Pleistocene of Lagoa Santa Karst, Central Brazil. This taxon is one of the hypercarnivore canids that vanished from the continent at the end of Pleistocene. Although all remains of Speothos pacivorus were collected in the 19th century by the Danish naturalist Peter W. Lund, few studies have committed to an in-depth analysis of the taxon and the known specimens. Here, we analyzed all biological remains of S. pacivorus hosted in the Peter Lund/Quaternary Collection at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, by listing and illustrating all its specimens known to date. We also conducted a reconstruction of the holotype, an almost complete cranium, based on a µCT scan, producing an undeformed and crack-free three-dimensional model. With this data available we aim to foster new research on this elusive species. 

Speothos pacivorus NHMD:211341 View specimen

M3#1475 Holotype of Speothos pacivorus Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1475   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models analyzed in Bianucci et al. 2023, A heavyweight early whale pushes the boundaries of vertebrate morphology, Nature. These include bones of the holotype of new species Perucetus colossus (MUSM 3248), as well as the articulated skeleton of Cynthiacetus peruvianus (holotype, MNHN.F.PRU10). The latter was used to estimate the total skeleton volume of P. colossus. 

Perucetus colossus MUSM 3248 View specimen

M3#1131 Thirteen vertebrae, rib, and innominate of Perucetus colossus (holotype, MUSM NNNN). Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1131   state:published

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Cynthiacetus peruvianus MNHN.F.PRU10 View specimen

M3#1130 Articulated skeleton of the holotype of Cynthiacetus peruvianus MNHN.F.PRU10 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1130   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models of Protocetus atavus described and figured in the following publication: Berger et al. (2025) The endocranial anatomy of Protocetids and its implications for early whale evolution.
  

Protocetus atavus SMNS-P-11084 View specimen

	M3#1654 Textured model of the whole skull Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1654   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1655 Brain endocast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1655   state:published	Download 3D surface file

This contribution contains the 3D models of the paratympanic sinus system, the endocast and the neurovascular bony canal of the maxilla, premaxilla and the jugal of Leidyosuchus canadensis and Stangerochampsa mccabei described and figured in the following publication: G. Donzé, G. Perrichon, P. Vincent, JE. Martin, 2026. Comparative endocranial traits in the crocodylians Leidyosuchus canadensis and Stangerochampsa mccabei from the upper Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Journal of Anatomy. 

Leidyosuchus canadensis TMP1986.221.1 View specimen

M3#1830 Skull, endocast, paratympanic sinuses, jugal and maxillary neurovascular canals, alveoli Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1830   state:published

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Stangerochampsa mccabei TMP1986.61.1 View specimen

M3#1831 Skull, endocast, paratympanic sinuses, jugal and maxillary neurovascular canals, alveoli Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1831   state:published

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Alligator mississipiensis OUVC 9761 View specimen

M3#1833 Skull, endocast, paratympanic sinuses, jugal and maxillary neurovascular canals, alveolies Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1833   state:published

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Alligator sinensis NHMW-Zoo-HS-37966 View specimen

M3#1835 Skull, endocast, paratympanic sinus, jugal and maxillary neurovascular canals, alveoli Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1835   state:published

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Crocodylus niloticus MHNL 50001399 View specimen

M3#1834 Skull, endocast, paratympanic sinuses, jugal and maxillary neurovascular canals, alveolies Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1834   state:published

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Diplocynodon ratelii LA86 View specimen

M3#1832 Skull, endocast, paratympanic sinus, jugal and maxillary neurovascular canals, alveolies Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1832   state:published

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This contribution contains the 3D models described and figured in the following publication:Skull and Inner Ear Morphometrics in Sheep and Goats: Species and Breed Differentiation with Bioarchaeological Applications (Hemelsdael et al. submitted). The models include the external surface of a complete skull and inner ear of both a sheep (Ovis aries) and a goat (Capra hircus), generated from micro-CT scans. In the associated paper, we used 3D geometric morphometric data to assess inter and intra (i.e. between breeds) discrimination based on complete skulls, skull fragments and the semi-circular canals of the inner ear. 

Capra hircus Amp_1 View specimen

	M3#1806 Skull of the goat Amp_1 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1806   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1807 Inner ear of the goat Amp_1 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1807   state:published	Download 3D surface file

Ovis aries UM_RR_2331 View specimen

	M3#1808 Skull of the sheep UM_RR_2331 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1808   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1809 Inner ear of the sheep UM_RR_2331 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1809   state:published	Download 3D surface file

This contribution contains the 3D models described and figured in: Phylogenetic signal in anteater snout morphology: implications for interpreting rare vermilinguan fossils. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 

Indet indet VPPLT 977 View specimen

M3#1793 3D surface models of the cranium, nasal bone and cranial canals Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1793   state:published

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Cyclopes didactylus M 1525 View specimen

M3#1794 3D models of the cranium and internal cranial canals Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1794   state:published

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Cyclopes didactylus M 1571 View specimen

M3#1795 3D surface models of the cranium, nasal bone and cranial canals Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1795   state:published

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Myrmecophaga tridactyla M 3023 View specimen

M3#1796 3D surface models of the cranium, nasal bone and cranial canals Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1796   state:published

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Tamandua tetradactyla NHMUK 3.7.7.135 View specimen

M3#1797 3D models of the cranium and internal cranial canals Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1797   state:published

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Tamandua tetradactyla NHMUK 4.7.4.90 View specimen

M3#1798 3D surface models of the cranium, nasal bone and cranial canals Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1798   state:published

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Tamandua tetradactyla UM 788N View specimen

M3#1799 3D models of the cranium and internal cranial canals Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1799   state:published

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Cyclopes didactylus MVZ 121210 View specimen

M3#1800 3D models of the cranium and internal cranial canals Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1800   state:published

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Myrmecophaga tridactyla MVZ 112943 View specimen

M3#1801 3D models of the cranium and internal cranial canals Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1801   state:published

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Myrmecophaga tridactyla MVZ 185238 View specimen

M3#1802 3D models of the cranium and internal cranial canals Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1802   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models of the skull of the holotype of Miocaperea pulchra.
  

Miocaperea pulchra SMNS-P-46978 View specimen

M3#1656 Blender file containing two models (the skull being preserved in two parts) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1656   state:published

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This 3D dataset contains the 3D models of the fossil specimens of Lilliputia gujjarorum, a new tiny dichobunoid artiodactyl from the early middle Eocene of northwestern India. The material includes the holotype, GU/RJ/003 (Rajouri Collection, H.N.B. Garhwal University), consisting of an associated left mandible fragment preserving the distal part of p4 and m1–3 (GU/RJ/003a) and a left maxillary fragment preserving P4 and M1–3 (GU/RJ/003b), as well as the referred specimen GU/RJ/005, a right mandible fragment preserving m1–2. The exceptionally small body size of Lilliputia, among the smallest known in Artiodactyla, together with its mosaic of primitive and derived dental characters, provides new insights into the early evolution, palaeobiogeography, and ecological diversification of artiodactyls during the Eocene. 

Lilliputia gujjarorum GU/RJ/003a View specimen

M3#1949 left mandible fragment preserving the distal part of p4 and m1–3 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1949   state:in_press

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Lilliputia gujjarorum GU/RJ/003b View specimen

M3#1950 left maxillary fragment preserving P4 and M1–3 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1950   state:in_press

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Lilliputia gujjarorum GU/RJ/005 View specimen

M3#1951 right mandible fragment preserving m1–2 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1951   state:in_press

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We provide a 3D reconstruction of the skull of Latimeria chalumnae that can be easily accessed and visualized for a better understanding of its cranial anatomy. Different skeletal elements are saved as separate PLY files that can be combined to visualize the entire skull or isolated to virtually dissect the skull. We included some guidelines for a fast and easy visualization of the 3D skull. 

Latimeria chalumnae MHNG 1080.070 View specimen

M3#1254 the skeletal elements of the skull of Latimeria chalumnae included in 26 different PLY files Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1254   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D model analyzed in Hendrickx, C. and Bell, P. R. 2021. The scaly skin of the abelisaurid Carnotaurus sastrei (Theropoda: Ceratosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia. Cretaceous Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104994 

Carnotaurus sastrei MACN 894 View specimen

M3#802 3D reconstruction of the biggest patch of skin (~1200 cm2) from the anterior tail region of the holotype of Carnotaurus, which is the largest single patch of squamous integument available for any saurischian. The skin consists of medium to large (up to 65 mm in diameter) conical feature scales surrounded by a network of low and small (< 14 mm) irregular basement scales separated by narrow interstitial tissue. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.802   state:published

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The study of titanosaur paleobiology has been severely hampered by the incomplete nature of their fossil record, particularly the scarcity of well-preserved and relatively complete cranial remains. Even the most complete titanosaur skulls are often fractured, incomplete, or deformed, which has resulted in a limited knowledge of the paleobiology related to cranial anatomy, especially functional morphology. In this context, we present the digital restoration of the skull of the Argentinean titanosaur Sarmientosaurus musacchioi, created using the open-source 3D modeling software Blender. The digitally restored model is freely accessible to other researchers, facilitating broader research and comparative studies. 

Sarmientosaurus mussacchioi MDT-PV 02 View specimen

	M3#1594 Cranium and mandible of Sarmientosaurus mussacchioi Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1594   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1599 Original object provided by Gabriel Casal (cranium) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1599   state:published	Download 3D surface file

The present 3D dataset contains 3D models of the endocranial cast of the raoellid Khirtharia inflata retrieved from the middle Eocene of the Upper Subathu Formation in the Kalakot area (India). Raoellidae are closely related to stem cetaceans and bring crucial information to understand the earliest phase of land to water transition in Cetacea. 

Khirtharia inflata GU/RJ/197 View specimen

	M3#1608 labeled cast of the endocranial cavity Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1608   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1609 endocast and associated sinuses Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1609   state:published	Download 3D surface file

The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models of extant Chiropteran endocranial casts, documenting 16 of the 19 extant bat families. They are used by Maugoust & Orliac (2023) to assess the correspondences between the brain and brain-surrounding tissues (i.e., neural tissues, blood vessels, meninges) and their imprint on the braincase, allowing for eventually proposing a Chiroptera-scale nomenclature of the endocast. 

Balantiopteryx plicata UMMZ 102659 View specimen

M3#1132 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Balantiopteryx plicata Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1132   state:published

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Idiurus macrotis AMNH M-187705 View specimen

M3#1133 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Nycteris macrotis Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1133   state:published

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Thyroptera tricolor UMMZ 53240 View specimen

M3#1134 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Thyroptera tricolor Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1134   state:published

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Noctilio albiventris UMMZ 105827 View specimen

M3#1135 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Noctilio albiventris Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1135   state:published

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Mormoops blainvillii AMNH M-271513 View specimen

M3#1136 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Mormoops blainvillii Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1136   state:published

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Macrotus waterhousii UMMZ 95718 View specimen

M3#1137 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Macrotus waterhousii Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1137   state:published

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Nyctiellus lepidus UMMZ 105767 View specimen

M3#1138 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Nyctiellus lepidus Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1138   state:published

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Cheiromeles torquatus AMNH M-247585 View specimen

M3#1139 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Cheiromeles torquatus Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1139   state:published

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Miniopterus schreibersii UMMZ 156998 View specimen

M3#1140 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Miniopterus schreibersii Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1140   state:published

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Kerivoula pellucida UMMZ 161396 View specimen

M3#1141 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Kerivoula pellucida Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1141   state:published

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Scotophilus kuhlii UMMZ 157013 View specimen

M3#1142 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Scotophilus kuhlii Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1142   state:published

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Rhinolophus luctus MNHN CG-2006-87 View specimen

M3#1143 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Rhinolophus luctus Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1143   state:published

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Triaenops persicus AM RG-38552 View specimen

M3#1144 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Triaenops persicus Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1144   state:published

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Hipposideros armiger UM ZOOL-762-V View specimen

M3#1145 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Hipposideros armiger Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1145   state:published

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Lavia frons AM RG-12268 View specimen

M3#1146 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Lavia frons Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1146   state:published

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Rhinopoma hardwickii AM RG-M31166 View specimen

M3#1147 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Rhinopoma hardwickii Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1147   state:published

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Sphaerias blanfordi AMNH M-274330 View specimen

M3#1148 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Sphaerias blanfordi Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1148   state:published

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Rousettus aegyptiacus UMMZ 161026 View specimen

M3#1149 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Rousettus aegyptiacus Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1149   state:published

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Pteropus pumilus UMMZ 162253 View specimen

M3#1150 Endocranial cast of the corresponding cranium of Pteropus pumilus Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1150   state:published

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This contribution contains the three-dimensional models of the most complete and/or informative fossil materials attributed to Peradectes crocheti Gernelle, 2024, the earliest peradectid metatherian species of Europe, from its type locality (Palette, Provence, ~55 Ma). These specimens were analyzed and discussed in: Gernelle et al. (2024), Taxonomy and evolutionary history of peradectids (Metatheria): new data from the early Eocene of France. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-024-09724-5

  

Peradectes crocheti MHN.AIX.PV.2018.26.14 View specimen

M3#1499 3D surface model of MHN.AIX.PV.2018.26.14, fragmentary left maxilla with C-P1, anterior root of P2, and M1-M3 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1499   state:published

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Peradectes crocheti MHN.AIX.PV.2017.6.6 View specimen

M3#1500 3D surface model of MHN.AIX.PV.2017.6.6, left P2 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1500   state:published

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Peradectes crocheti MHN.AIX.PV.2017.6.7 View specimen

M3#1501 3D surface model of MHN.AIX.PV.2017.6.7, left M3 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1501   state:published

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Peradectes crocheti MHN.AIX.PV.2017.6.8 View specimen

M3#1502 3D surface model of MHN.AIX.PV.2017.6.8, right hemi-mandible fragment with canine alveolus, posterior root of p1, partial p2, p3, partial m1, and m2-m3 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1502   state:published

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Peradectes crocheti MHN.AIX.PV.2017.6.9 View specimen

M3#1503 3D surface model of MHN.AIX.PV.2017.6.9, leftm1-m4 row with fragments of dentary Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1503   state:published

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Peradectes crocheti MHN.AIX.PV.2017.6.14 View specimen

M3#1504 3D surface model of MHN.AIX.PV.2017.6.14, right astragalus Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1504   state:published

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